Soltan anticline is located in northwest of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in the Lorestan Province. Geometric and kinematic analyses of the anticline have been carried out to estimate the closure of the Dehram Group in order to evaluate its potential for gas reservoirs. Geometric analyses of the Soltan anticline indicate that the fold geometry is rather similar to that of the Trishear type of fault propagation folds. However, considering the competency contrasts between various rock units in the anticline that control the fold’s geometry, together with the rounded and relatively wide outline of the anticline at surface, the Soltan anticline can also be compared to faulted detachment folds that hold the same geometry as the fault propagation folds. On the other hand, the very low values of finite strain measured on clastic rocks collected from the anticline and its typical smaller scale fold constraint, and the low values of the layer parallel shortening are comparable to the kinematics of fault propagation folds. Based on the data from the geometric and kinematic analyses, seven structural cross sections across the anticline are drawn, and using the cross sections, a structural contour map and a 3D model for Dehram Group are constructed. The calculated values for the anticline closure prohibits this structure as an appropriate host to gas reservoirs, unless the Soltan anticline is connected to the adjacent, Rit, anticline.

The Buneh Kuh anticline (with 25 km length and 7 to 17 km width) is a NW-SE trending anticline in the Coastal Fars Sub-basin (Zagros simple folded belt). Gachsaran formation is cropping out in the core of this anticline. In this paper the elements of fold style and folding mechanism have been investigated in the Buneh Kuh anticline. It is an asymmetric detachment fold on the Hormoz Formation. Herang anticline is a NW continuation of the Buneh Kuh anticline. Sub-surface contour map on the top of the Dehram group (gas reservoir) was prepared and its western culmination (near to the DD’ cross section) could be recommended for drilling.

One of the most important limitations of surface water reservoirs in Iran is the problem of water becoming salty as a result of different natural factors. Salty geological formations, especially salt plugs, are one of the natural factors which decrease the quality of surface water. The shur-e-Dehram river is one of the most important surface water reservoirs in Fars Province, which is the river mond's subbasin and the seasonal river konarsiah after passing konarsiah salt plug joins the major branch. Finally Khourab River, at the end of which is khourab's salt plug passes through the salt plugs, and joins the major branch of the river The major branch of the river with grade 6 passes through the Dehroud's salt plug. On the whole, nearly 95 percent salinity of the river results from the three salt plugs mentioned above. Thus, three factors of Gachsaran's salty evaporate deposits, salt plugs, and the salty springs originating in salt plugs carry 117000 tons of salt that 70 percent of which is sodium chloride in this river, causing the water to become useless both for drinking of farming. On the condition that the river path passing through Dehroud's salt plug is changed and that the flowing of salty springs in to the river is prevented, the salinity of the river decreases to a large degree such that in winter the water can be to a limited extent used for farming.

Context and purpose. Obtaining the private GAP standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGAP has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of GAP standard with emphasis on GroupGAP in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGAP programs and the development of private GAP. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the GAP standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of GAP certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of GAP and GroupGAP. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining GAP standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

When the density current smashes into the lower dense fluid mass a plunge region will occur. Since the plunge depth bounds between density current and ambient fluid, determining of this point is important. In this research, the hydraulic parameters of density current and bed slope of stagnant fluid were investigated. To achieve the purpose of this research a physical model was built in the hydraulic laboratory of Shahid Chamran University (SCU) and various experiments were performed. In the experiments, the plunge depth at the different discharge of density current and density difference 6, 9, 13 and 16 kg/m3 at three slopes 8, 12 and 16% was measured. Then using Flow-3D under RNG turbulence model, plunge depth was simulated for the same experimental condition. The comparison of results obtained showed that the predicted plunge depth with Flow-3D under RNG turbulence model had a high and satisfactory accuracy. Finding showed that for the 8% bed slope, the results of RNG turbulence model 14% was more than experimental data. While, for the entire slope, the results of RNG turbulence model was predicted 10.5% in average more than measured data. Generally, the statistical investigations showed that the RNG turbulence model with satisfactory precision estimated the plunge point depth.

The effects of two isolates of Pasteuria penetrans were evaluated on root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita-R2 on two month seedlings of Badamiriz pistachio cultivar. Two experiments were carried out with two concentrations of endospores of PA and PNG isolates (104 & 6.4×105 endospores/g soil) and cadusafos (50 Mg/1500 g soil) in a Randomized Complete Block Design in green house condition were planted in pot and treatments were applied at seedling stage (4-6 leaf). 80 days after planting the seedlings were removed from soil and all stages of nematodes were extracted and counted in roots and soils. The results showed that the PA isolate with 104 endospores/g soil was the best treatment in decreasing 88.8٪ of the final population of M. incognita-R2 in comparison with control, also PNG isolate with 6.4×105 endospores/g soil was the best treatment after nematicide in decreasing 71.2% of the final population of M. javanica when compared with control.

This study investigates the geometry and folding pattern of the East Band-e-Lengeh anticline, located in the Coastal Fars subzone, using 5 structural cross-sections and one longitudinal section derived from seismic line data, geological maps, and exploratory well data. The analysis reveals that the anticline is an almost symmetric fold with an overall elliptical to box-shaped geometry. Based on structural studies and interpretation of seismic lines, the southern limb of the East Band-e-Lengeh structure is affected by a reverse fault originating from the Dashtak formation. According to calculations using the excess area method, the folds detach at a depth of approximately 11 km, indicating that the deformation mechanism of the sedimentary cover in this anticline is a faulted detachment fold. Tectonic thickening of evaporites in the Dashtak formation (Middle Triassic) occasionally forms a detached horizon within the sedimentary cover, altering the geometry of Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations compared to the reservoir horizon of the Dehram group (Permo-Triassic) and causing axial shift. A UGC map of this horizon has been generated to explore the saddle-shaped relationship between the central segment of the anticline and its eastern segment and evaluate the exploration target horizon (Dehram group). Based on cross-section balancing using the bed-length conservation method, the shortening of the anticline is estimated at approximately 4%.

The effects of irrigation periods and fertilizer nitrogen rates on population of black bean aphid were studied in sugar beet fields of Isfahan University of Technology for two years. Experiments were carried out as splitplot in a complete randomized block design with four replications.Irrigation factor in three levels (100%, 75% and 50% plant water requierment in 2005 and irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm cumulative evaporation from class A pan in 2006) and nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (200, 150 and 100 kg/ha net nitrogen in both years) were allocated to main and subplots respectively. Pest population was assessed by weekly sampling. The highest mean population of black bean aphid was observed in 100% irrigation treatment in the first year and in irrigation after 70 mm evaporation treatment in the second year and in 200 kg/ha nitrogen treatment in both years. As irrigation cycle doubled in 200 kg/ha net nitrogen treatment, population of black bean aphid increased by 177.9 times.

Goshtasb anticline is situated in southeast of Shiraz. The dimension of this anticline is about 54 km length and maximum width of 7 km in the level of the Asemari– Jahrum carbonates exposure. The general trend of the structure is NW-SE which swings to an E-W trend in its eastern plunge possibly offsetted by branches of the Sarvestan fault. The northern flank of the anticline is steeply dipping to overturned whereas the southern flanks dips about 25-35, and therefore the anticline shows a distinct asymmetry to northeast in surface. In this research we show that this geometry is a result of activation of intermediate detachment levels in the stratigraphy succession specially Triassic evaporites of the Dashtak Formation, and the surface culminations of this anticline are merged together at depth to form a single structure (the Mozaffari anticline) in the Dehram level. In this research, an integration of field survey and available subsurface data combined with modern structural ideas have been used to study of the geometry of the Dehram horizon. For this purpose, 6 geological cross sections with the total length of 147 km and one 51-km-long longitudinal section have been constructed. Also an underground contour map of the Dehram horizon is produced using structural cross sections. According to this map, the areal and vertical closure of the Goshtasb anticline are 11. 5X47 km² and 2000 m, respectively.